Poland vs. Romania
Romania va por delante en legalización, coste de vida, vivienda, sanidad, infraestructura. Abajo, los datos criterio por criterio.
Verificado
Marcador
Las cifras clave cara a cara, con el lado más fuerte señalado. La puntuación global es decorativa; lo que importa es qué datos encajan contigo.
Resultado principal
Romania va por delante en 3 de 6
Poland
2
Romania
3
GUS — Household Budget Survey 2024 (one-person households), CPI-uplifted
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 may 2026
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- GUS one-person household consumer spending 2,888.89 PLN/mo (2024) minus actual-rentals line 235.10 → 2,653.79 PLN; uplifted by CPI (+3.6% 2025 avg, +3.1% y/y May 2026) → ≈2,835 PLN; converted at 3.7635 PLN/USD (ECB 2026-07-02). Cross-checked against Eurostat price-level indices (PL ≈ 72% of EU27).
INS — Household income and expenditure 2024 (single-adult consumption basket), converted to USD
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 may 2026
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- INS 2024 single-adult household basket: total spending ≈ 3,972 RON/mo, of which consumption ≈ 60.6% ≈ 2,407 RON; minus a small actual-rentals component (Romanian households mostly own, imputed rent excluded) → ≈ 2,335 RON/mo of consumption excluding rent. Converted at 4.59 RON/USD (ECB 5.2321 RON/EUR ÷ 1.1399 USD/EUR, 2026-07-02) → ≈ $509, rounded to $510. Utilities are kept in the basket; only pure rent is excluded. National figure — Bucharest runs somewhat higher.
SettleMetric tax engine over official 2026 rules (biznes.gov.pl)
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 ene 2026
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- Best eligible scheme pl-ryczalt-it-12 at €60,000 revenue = 257,400 PLN (ECB 4.29): ZUS social 21,459.48 + health 9,966.96 + Labor Fund 1,661.64 + 12% lump-sum tax 27,714.84 = 60,802.92 PLN → 23.6%. Expenses don't reduce ryczałt.
SettleMetric tax engine over official 2026 rules (Codul fiscal art. 68; Legea 141/2025)
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 ene 2026
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- Best clean eligible scheme ro-pfa-real (PFA real system) at €60,000 revenue = 313,926 RON (ECB 5.2321), 10% expenses → net income 282,533.40. CASS 10% = 28,253.34; CAS band (>97,200) = 24,300; income-tax base 229,980.06 → 10% = 22,998.01. Total levies 75,551.35 → 24.07% ≈ 24.1%. The company route ro-micro-srl models a lower ~18% burden but omits the mandatory ≥1-employee salary cost, so it is not a like-for-like comparison and is not used as the headline.
Eurostat — police-recorded intentional homicide (ICCS 0101)
Datos abiertos
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 dic 2024
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Notas
- Completed homicides. UNODC latest (2023): 0.80 per 100k. Polish police's ~503 'zabójstwa' (2024) includes attempts.
Eurostat — police-recorded intentional homicide (ICCS 0101), rate per 100k
Datos abiertos
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 dic 2024
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Notas
- Latest year in the Eurostat/UNODC joint series is 2024: 0.79 per 100k (2023: 0.73; 2022: 0.93). Among the lower homicide rates in the EU.
M-Lab NDT country aggregates for Poland
Datos abiertos
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 dic 2023
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- Median of 343 daily country medians, 563,348 tests (2023 — latest full year in M-Lab's public stats API; 2025/2026 files not yet published).
- Notas
- M-Lab NDT is single-stream and reads well below Ookla-style figures — comparable only within this criterion.
M-Lab NDT country aggregates for Romania
Datos abiertos
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 dic 2023
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- Median of 343 daily country medians, 112,070 tests (2023 — latest full year in M-Lab's public stats API; the 2024 file covers only 86 days and 2025 is not yet published).
- Notas
- M-Lab NDT is single-stream and reads below Ookla-style figures — comparable only within this criterion. Romania is known for very fast, cheap fibre; the true typical fibre speed is far higher, but only M-Lab is used here for cross-country consistency.
EF EPI 2025 (rank 15/123, score 600 — Very High band)
Estudio
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 nov 2025
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Notas
- Own band informed by EF EPI (attribution: EF Education First); English is broadly workable in cities and the service sector, less so in offices/government.
EF EPI 2025 (rank 11/123, score 605 — Very High band)
Estudio
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 nov 2025
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Notas
- Own band informed by EF EPI (attribution: EF Education First). Romania scores 605 (rank 11), in EF's top proficiency band alongside the Nordics. English is broadly workable in cities, the service sector and among younger Romanians; less so in some government offices.
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 3 jul 2026
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- Comprehensive private plans that include inpatient/hospital cover — top-tier LuxMed/Medicover subscriptions (own or partner hospitals) and standalone health insurance (Signal Iduna, Allianz Zdrowie, PZU) — run ≈400–700 PLN/month. Healthy-35-year-old midpoint ≈ 500 PLN/mo ≈ 6,000 PLN/yr ≈ $1,595 at 3.7635 PLN/USD (range ≈ $1,275–$2,230). Premiums are quoted on request, so this is a curated market midpoint, not a public engine quote.
- Notas
- Residents are covered by mandatory public insurance (NFZ); private cover is optional. Most people buy only a cheaper OUTPATIENT subscription (LuxMed/Medicover ≈150–250 PLN/mo ≈ $600/yr) and use the public system for hospital care. This figure is the with-inpatient comprehensive tier, chosen to be comparable with other countries' comprehensive plans (the earlier $603 was an outpatient-only subscription mislabelled as comprehensive).
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 4 jul 2026
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- Comprehensive private health plans that include hospitalization and surgery (outpatient + inpatient): Signal Iduna 360 Care starts 380 RON/mo, with a stated 34-year-old example at 424 RON/mo; premium all-inclusive tiers (Groupama, Regina Maria, MedLife/Medicover subscriptions with hospital cover) run up to ~650 RON/mo. Healthy-35-year-old midpoint ≈ 460 RON/mo ≈ 5,520 RON/yr ≈ $1,200; recorded $1,250 (range ≈ $1,000–$1,700 at 4.59 RON/USD). Premiums are quoted on request, so this is a curated market midpoint, not a public engine quote.
- Notas
- Residents are covered by mandatory public health insurance (CASS/CNAS); private cover is optional. Many buy only a cheaper outpatient medical subscription (abonament, ~150–250 RON/mo) and use the public system for hospital care. This figure is the with-inpatient comprehensive tier, chosen to be comparable with other countries' comprehensive plans.
Veredicto
Cada perspectiva pondera solo los datos que importan a ese plan y dice a qué lado favorece.
Informática remota / autónomo
Contrato o trabajo por cuenta propia en tecnología, facturando a clientes de fuera.
Romania encaja mejor: 2 de 5
SettleMetric tax engine over official 2026 rules (biznes.gov.pl)
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 ene 2026
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- Best eligible scheme pl-ryczalt-it-12 at €60,000 revenue = 257,400 PLN (ECB 4.29): ZUS social 21,459.48 + health 9,966.96 + Labor Fund 1,661.64 + 12% lump-sum tax 27,714.84 = 60,802.92 PLN → 23.6%. Expenses don't reduce ryczałt.
SettleMetric tax engine over official 2026 rules (Codul fiscal art. 68; Legea 141/2025)
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 ene 2026
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- Best clean eligible scheme ro-pfa-real (PFA real system) at €60,000 revenue = 313,926 RON (ECB 5.2321), 10% expenses → net income 282,533.40. CASS 10% = 28,253.34; CAS band (>97,200) = 24,300; income-tax base 229,980.06 → 10% = 22,998.01. Total levies 75,551.35 → 24.07% ≈ 24.1%. The company route ro-micro-srl models a lower ~18% burden but omits the mandatory ≥1-employee salary cost, so it is not a like-for-like comparison and is not used as the headline.
M-Lab NDT country aggregates for Poland
Datos abiertos
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 dic 2023
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- Median of 343 daily country medians, 563,348 tests (2023 — latest full year in M-Lab's public stats API; 2025/2026 files not yet published).
- Notas
- M-Lab NDT is single-stream and reads well below Ookla-style figures — comparable only within this criterion.
M-Lab NDT country aggregates for Romania
Datos abiertos
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 dic 2023
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- Median of 343 daily country medians, 112,070 tests (2023 — latest full year in M-Lab's public stats API; the 2024 file covers only 86 days and 2025 is not yet published).
- Notas
- M-Lab NDT is single-stream and reads below Ookla-style figures — comparable only within this criterion. Romania is known for very fast, cheap fibre; the true typical fibre speed is far higher, but only M-Lab is used here for cross-country consistency.
EF EPI 2025 (rank 15/123, score 600 — Very High band)
Estudio
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 nov 2025
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Notas
- Own band informed by EF EPI (attribution: EF Education First); English is broadly workable in cities and the service sector, less so in offices/government.
EF EPI 2025 (rank 11/123, score 605 — Very High band)
Estudio
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 nov 2025
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Notas
- Own band informed by EF EPI (attribution: EF Education First). Romania scores 605 (rank 11), in EF's top proficiency band alongside the Nordics. English is broadly workable in cities, the service sector and among younger Romanians; less so in some government offices.
GUS — Household Budget Survey 2024 (one-person households), CPI-uplifted
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 may 2026
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- GUS one-person household consumer spending 2,888.89 PLN/mo (2024) minus actual-rentals line 235.10 → 2,653.79 PLN; uplifted by CPI (+3.6% 2025 avg, +3.1% y/y May 2026) → ≈2,835 PLN; converted at 3.7635 PLN/USD (ECB 2026-07-02). Cross-checked against Eurostat price-level indices (PL ≈ 72% of EU27).
INS — Household income and expenditure 2024 (single-adult consumption basket), converted to USD
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 may 2026
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- INS 2024 single-adult household basket: total spending ≈ 3,972 RON/mo, of which consumption ≈ 60.6% ≈ 2,407 RON; minus a small actual-rentals component (Romanian households mostly own, imputed rent excluded) → ≈ 2,335 RON/mo of consumption excluding rent. Converted at 4.59 RON/USD (ECB 5.2321 RON/EUR ÷ 1.1399 USD/EUR, 2026-07-02) → ≈ $509, rounded to $510. Utilities are kept in the basket; only pure rent is excluded. National figure — Bucharest runs somewhat higher.
InPost official news / carrier service pages (composite)
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 dic 2025
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- InPost >28,000 parcel lockers (end-2025) with 98% next-day delivery and 763M parcels/yr; ORLEN Paczka ~14k pickup points; Poczta Polska 7.6k offices + 14.3k parcel points; DPD/DHL/GLS/UPS/FedEx nationwide. Next-day is the domestic norm.
Carrier official pages (Sameday easybox, FAN Courier FANbox, Poșta Română) — composite
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 dic 2025
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- Sameday easybox >3,900 lockers with guaranteed nationwide next-day delivery; FAN Courier (national leader) with its own FANbox locker chain; Cargus, DPD, GLS, Poșta Română nationwide; parcel-locker + PUDO delivery is the e-commerce norm (eMAG/Sameday ecosystem). Next-day is standard between and within cities.
- Notas
- Dense locker network and reliable next-day service place Romania at the top domestic tier.
Familia
Mudarse con pareja e hijos en edad escolar.
Muy reñido para este plan
Eurostat — police-recorded intentional homicide (ICCS 0101)
Datos abiertos
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 dic 2024
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Notas
- Completed homicides. UNODC latest (2023): 0.80 per 100k. Polish police's ~503 'zabójstwa' (2024) includes attempts.
Eurostat — police-recorded intentional homicide (ICCS 0101), rate per 100k
Datos abiertos
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 dic 2024
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Notas
- Latest year in the Eurostat/UNODC joint series is 2024: 0.79 per 100k (2023: 0.73; 2022: 0.93). Among the lower homicide rates in the EU.
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 3 jul 2026
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- Comprehensive private plans that include inpatient/hospital cover — top-tier LuxMed/Medicover subscriptions (own or partner hospitals) and standalone health insurance (Signal Iduna, Allianz Zdrowie, PZU) — run ≈400–700 PLN/month. Healthy-35-year-old midpoint ≈ 500 PLN/mo ≈ 6,000 PLN/yr ≈ $1,595 at 3.7635 PLN/USD (range ≈ $1,275–$2,230). Premiums are quoted on request, so this is a curated market midpoint, not a public engine quote.
- Notas
- Residents are covered by mandatory public insurance (NFZ); private cover is optional. Most people buy only a cheaper OUTPATIENT subscription (LuxMed/Medicover ≈150–250 PLN/mo ≈ $600/yr) and use the public system for hospital care. This figure is the with-inpatient comprehensive tier, chosen to be comparable with other countries' comprehensive plans (the earlier $603 was an outpatient-only subscription mislabelled as comprehensive).
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 4 jul 2026
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- Comprehensive private health plans that include hospitalization and surgery (outpatient + inpatient): Signal Iduna 360 Care starts 380 RON/mo, with a stated 34-year-old example at 424 RON/mo; premium all-inclusive tiers (Groupama, Regina Maria, MedLife/Medicover subscriptions with hospital cover) run up to ~650 RON/mo. Healthy-35-year-old midpoint ≈ 460 RON/mo ≈ 5,520 RON/yr ≈ $1,200; recorded $1,250 (range ≈ $1,000–$1,700 at 4.59 RON/USD). Premiums are quoted on request, so this is a curated market midpoint, not a public engine quote.
- Notas
- Residents are covered by mandatory public health insurance (CASS/CNAS); private cover is optional. Many buy only a cheaper outpatient medical subscription (abonament, ~150–250 RON/mo) and use the public system for hospital care. This figure is the with-inpatient comprehensive tier, chosen to be comparable with other countries' comprehensive plans.
EF EPI 2025 (rank 15/123, score 600 — Very High band)
Estudio
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 nov 2025
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Notas
- Own band informed by EF EPI (attribution: EF Education First); English is broadly workable in cities and the service sector, less so in offices/government.
EF EPI 2025 (rank 11/123, score 605 — Very High band)
Estudio
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 nov 2025
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Notas
- Own band informed by EF EPI (attribution: EF Education First). Romania scores 605 (rank 11), in EF's top proficiency band alongside the Nordics. English is broadly workable in cities, the service sector and among younger Romanians; less so in some government offices.
Dinero y cripto
Optimizar impuestos, banca y normas sobre cripto.
Poland encaja mejor: 1 de 3
Polish tax authority — disposal of virtual currencies (PIT-38, 19%)
Fuente oficial
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 jul 2026
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Notas
- Holding/trading legal for individuals; 19% flat tax on disposal gains (crypto-to-crypto swaps untaxed). EU MiCA applies; Poland's domestic implementing act was vetoed (latest 2026-06-11), so local CASP licensing is stalled — EU-passported providers serve the market.
Fuente oficial
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 ene 2026
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Notas
- Holding and trading crypto is legal for individuals. Gains taxed at 16% on income realized from 2026 (up from 10%), plus CASS in some cases; small-transaction exemption (<200 RON per transaction, ≤600 RON/year total). MiCA transposed via OUG 10/2025 with ASF as the crypto-asset-service-provider regulator and BNR over e-money tokens; the transitional CASP regime ends 2026-07-01. Standard EU licensing/AML and taxation → legal-regulated.
biznes.gov.pl — cash payment limits (art. 19 Prawo przedsiębiorców)
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 3 may 2026
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- Composite: no currency/capital controls for EU/OECD flows (Prawo dewizowe, Dz.U. 2024 poz. 1131); PLN fully convertible; B2B cash cap 15,000 PLN per transaction, no consumer cash limit; no FBAR-style foreign-account disclosure (NBP statistical reporting only above 7M PLN of foreign assets); standard EU CRS via banks.
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 4 jul 2026
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- Composite: no currency or capital controls (EU free movement of capital; RON freely convertible, EUR adoption pending); non-residents and foreigners can open bank accounts; no FBAR-style foreign-account reporting for individuals beyond EU CRS via banks; the Declarația Unică covers resident worldwide income. Cash-payment limits exist (business ~5,000–10,000 RON/day tranches under Law 70/2015) but personal money movement is free. Low state control over personal money flows. Cross-checked against PwC Romania summary; primary basis is EU capital-freedom law.
SettleMetric tax engine over official 2026 rules (biznes.gov.pl)
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 ene 2026
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- Best eligible scheme pl-ryczalt-it-12 at €60,000 revenue = 257,400 PLN (ECB 4.29): ZUS social 21,459.48 + health 9,966.96 + Labor Fund 1,661.64 + 12% lump-sum tax 27,714.84 = 60,802.92 PLN → 23.6%. Expenses don't reduce ryczałt.
SettleMetric tax engine over official 2026 rules (Codul fiscal art. 68; Legea 141/2025)
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 ene 2026
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- Best clean eligible scheme ro-pfa-real (PFA real system) at €60,000 revenue = 313,926 RON (ECB 5.2321), 10% expenses → net income 282,533.40. CASS 10% = 28,253.34; CAS band (>97,200) = 24,300; income-tax base 229,980.06 → 10% = 22,998.01. Total levies 75,551.35 → 24.07% ≈ 24.1%. The company route ro-micro-srl models a lower ~18% burden but omits the mandatory ≥1-employee salary cost, so it is not a like-for-like comparison and is not used as the headline.
Vida tranquila
Priorizar la seguridad, el aire y una vida diaria sencilla.
Muy reñido para este plan
Eurostat — police-recorded intentional homicide (ICCS 0101)
Datos abiertos
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 dic 2024
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Notas
- Completed homicides. UNODC latest (2023): 0.80 per 100k. Polish police's ~503 'zabójstwa' (2024) includes attempts.
Eurostat — police-recorded intentional homicide (ICCS 0101), rate per 100k
Datos abiertos
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 dic 2024
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Notas
- Latest year in the Eurostat/UNODC joint series is 2024: 0.79 per 100k (2023: 0.73; 2022: 0.93). Among the lower homicide rates in the EU.
GUS — Household Budget Survey 2024 (one-person households), CPI-uplifted
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 may 2026
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- GUS one-person household consumer spending 2,888.89 PLN/mo (2024) minus actual-rentals line 235.10 → 2,653.79 PLN; uplifted by CPI (+3.6% 2025 avg, +3.1% y/y May 2026) → ≈2,835 PLN; converted at 3.7635 PLN/USD (ECB 2026-07-02). Cross-checked against Eurostat price-level indices (PL ≈ 72% of EU27).
INS — Household income and expenditure 2024 (single-adult consumption basket), converted to USD
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 may 2026
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- INS 2024 single-adult household basket: total spending ≈ 3,972 RON/mo, of which consumption ≈ 60.6% ≈ 2,407 RON; minus a small actual-rentals component (Romanian households mostly own, imputed rent excluded) → ≈ 2,335 RON/mo of consumption excluding rent. Converted at 4.59 RON/USD (ECB 5.2321 RON/EUR ÷ 1.1399 USD/EUR, 2026-07-02) → ≈ $509, rounded to $510. Utilities are kept in the basket; only pure rent is excluded. National figure — Bucharest runs somewhat higher.
Detalles
Impuestos
01+−Freelancer tax burden% effective burden at €60k/year self-employed profilePolandmejor23,6Romania24,1
Qué mide esto
Effective total burden (income tax + mandatory social and health contributions) for a solo IT freelancer with €60,000/year revenue and 10% deductible expenses, using the most favourable eligible scheme in the country's tax-schemes data. Computed by the SettleMetric tax engine; recorded as a curated value with the winning scheme id in method.
Poland
SettleMetric tax engine over official 2026 rules (biznes.gov.pl)
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 ene 2026
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- Best eligible scheme pl-ryczalt-it-12 at €60,000 revenue = 257,400 PLN (ECB 4.29): ZUS social 21,459.48 + health 9,966.96 + Labor Fund 1,661.64 + 12% lump-sum tax 27,714.84 = 60,802.92 PLN → 23.6%. Expenses don't reduce ryczałt.
Romania
SettleMetric tax engine over official 2026 rules (Codul fiscal art. 68; Legea 141/2025)
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 ene 2026
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- Best clean eligible scheme ro-pfa-real (PFA real system) at €60,000 revenue = 313,926 RON (ECB 5.2321), 10% expenses → net income 282,533.40. CASS 10% = 28,253.34; CAS band (>97,200) = 24,300; income-tax base 229,980.06 → 10% = 22,998.01. Total levies 75,551.35 → 24.07% ≈ 24.1%. The company route ro-micro-srl models a lower ~18% burden but omits the mandatory ≥1-employee salary cost, so it is not a like-for-like comparison and is not used as the headline.
Legalización
01+−Remote-work legalization easePolandLong stay pathRomaniamejorDedicated nomad visa
Qué mide esto
Best available legalization route for a location-independent earner with a median (non-EU, non-US) passport, classified from this country's legalization-paths data: dedicated digital-nomad visa; general freelance/self-employment permit; realistic long-stay path (e.g. renewable temporary residence); only short visa-free/tourist stays; effectively none.
Poland
Wielkopolska Voivodeship Office — business-activity residence permit
Fuente oficial
- Datos a fecha de
- 3 jul 2026
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Notas
- No digital nomad visa (verified absent on gov.pl); Poland Business Harbour suspended since Jan 2024. Realistic long-stay route: temporary residence via business activity (renewable, up to 3 years) — but sole-proprietorship registration is limited to specific statuses, so most non-EU/non-US freelancers route through a company.
Romania
IGI — long-stay visa categories (digital nomad D/DN under OUG 194/2002 as amended by Law 22/2022)
Fuente oficial
- Datos a fecha de
- 27 abr 2026
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Notas
- Romania has a dedicated digital nomad long-stay visa and residence permit (income ≥ 3× the average gross monthly wage; 1 year, renewable once). It does not lead to permanent residence — for a durable stay a non-EU freelancer uses the business-activity or professional-activity permit (both reach long-term residence after 5 years).
Coste de vida
01+−Cost of living (single, excl. rent)USD/month, single person, excluding rentPoland753Romaniamejor510
Qué mide esto
Monthly cost of a defined single-person basket (food, transport, utilities, mobile+internet, modest leisure) excluding rent, curated from national statistics office price data and large local retailers' published prices, converted to USD at the ECB rate recorded in fx-rates. The method field of each value itemizes the basket inputs.
Poland
GUS — Household Budget Survey 2024 (one-person households), CPI-uplifted
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 may 2026
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- GUS one-person household consumer spending 2,888.89 PLN/mo (2024) minus actual-rentals line 235.10 → 2,653.79 PLN; uplifted by CPI (+3.6% 2025 avg, +3.1% y/y May 2026) → ≈2,835 PLN; converted at 3.7635 PLN/USD (ECB 2026-07-02). Cross-checked against Eurostat price-level indices (PL ≈ 72% of EU27).
Romania
INS — Household income and expenditure 2024 (single-adult consumption basket), converted to USD
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 may 2026
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- INS 2024 single-adult household basket: total spending ≈ 3,972 RON/mo, of which consumption ≈ 60.6% ≈ 2,407 RON; minus a small actual-rentals component (Romanian households mostly own, imputed rent excluded) → ≈ 2,335 RON/mo of consumption excluding rent. Converted at 4.59 RON/USD (ECB 5.2321 RON/EUR ÷ 1.1399 USD/EUR, 2026-07-02) → ≈ $509, rounded to $510. Utilities are kept in the basket; only pure rent is excluded. National figure — Bucharest runs somewhat higher.
Gasto mensual por categoría (sin alquiler)
GUS Household Budget Survey 2024 (one-person households), CPI-uplifted
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 may 2026
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- GUS 2024 one-person household spending by COICOP category, minus the actual-rentals line, CPI-uplifted to mid-2026 (×1.068) and converted at 3.7635 PLN/USD. Categories sum to the ~$753/mo cost-of-living aggregate. National average — city living runs somewhat higher.
INS — Household income and expenditure 2024 (consumption structure), single-person scaled
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 may 2026
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- INS 2024 consumption structure (food & non-alcoholic drinks ≈33.5%, housing utilities ≈14%, alcohol/tobacco ≈7.2%, clothing ≈7.8%, transport ≈8%, and smaller shares for household goods, health, communications, recreation, restaurants, misc), applied to the single-person consumption basket of ≈2,335 RON/mo excluding rent, converted at 4.59 RON/USD. Items sum to ≈$508, the cost-of-living-single aggregate. National average; food dominates (Romania has the EU's highest food share of household spending).
Vivienda
Alquiler por tipo de vivienda
Alquiler de oferta: precio en el centro, con el de fuera del centro entre paréntesis ($/mes).
SettleMetric — population-weighted average of covered cities (Kraków, Warsaw)
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 3 jul 2026
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- Population-weighted mean of the rent-breakdown matrices of Kraków, Warsaw; each cell averages the cities that report it. See each city page for its exact local matrix.
SettleMetric — population-weighted average of covered cities (Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca)
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 ene 2026
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- Population-weighted mean of the rent-breakdown matrices of Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca; each cell averages the cities that report it. See each city page for its exact local matrix.
Seguridad
01+−Homicide rateintentional homicides per 100,000/yearPolandmejor0,7Romania0,8
Qué mide esto
Intentional homicide victims per 100,000 population, latest available year. Country level: UNODC national series. City level: official municipal/police statistics where published; otherwise null (country value shown as country-level).
Poland
Eurostat — police-recorded intentional homicide (ICCS 0101)
Datos abiertos
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 dic 2024
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Notas
- Completed homicides. UNODC latest (2023): 0.80 per 100k. Polish police's ~503 'zabójstwa' (2024) includes attempts.
Romania
Eurostat — police-recorded intentional homicide (ICCS 0101), rate per 100k
Datos abiertos
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 dic 2024
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Notas
- Latest year in the Eurostat/UNODC joint series is 2024: 0.79 per 100k (2023: 0.73; 2022: 0.93). Among the lower homicide rates in the EU.
Sanidad
01+−Private healthcare costUSD/year, comprehensive private insurance premium, healthy 35-year-oldPoland1600Romaniamejor1250
Qué mide esto
Median of at least three publicly quoted annual premiums for comprehensive private medical insurance (outpatient + inpatient, ~$100k coverage, small deductible) for a healthy 35-year-old resident foreigner, from local and international insurers. Method field lists the insurers quoted.
Poland
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 3 jul 2026
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- Comprehensive private plans that include inpatient/hospital cover — top-tier LuxMed/Medicover subscriptions (own or partner hospitals) and standalone health insurance (Signal Iduna, Allianz Zdrowie, PZU) — run ≈400–700 PLN/month. Healthy-35-year-old midpoint ≈ 500 PLN/mo ≈ 6,000 PLN/yr ≈ $1,595 at 3.7635 PLN/USD (range ≈ $1,275–$2,230). Premiums are quoted on request, so this is a curated market midpoint, not a public engine quote.
- Notas
- Residents are covered by mandatory public insurance (NFZ); private cover is optional. Most people buy only a cheaper OUTPATIENT subscription (LuxMed/Medicover ≈150–250 PLN/mo ≈ $600/yr) and use the public system for hospital care. This figure is the with-inpatient comprehensive tier, chosen to be comparable with other countries' comprehensive plans (the earlier $603 was an outpatient-only subscription mislabelled as comprehensive).
Romania
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 4 jul 2026
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- Comprehensive private health plans that include hospitalization and surgery (outpatient + inpatient): Signal Iduna 360 Care starts 380 RON/mo, with a stated 34-year-old example at 424 RON/mo; premium all-inclusive tiers (Groupama, Regina Maria, MedLife/Medicover subscriptions with hospital cover) run up to ~650 RON/mo. Healthy-35-year-old midpoint ≈ 460 RON/mo ≈ 5,520 RON/yr ≈ $1,200; recorded $1,250 (range ≈ $1,000–$1,700 at 4.59 RON/USD). Premiums are quoted on request, so this is a curated market midpoint, not a public engine quote.
- Notas
- Residents are covered by mandatory public health insurance (CASS/CNAS); private cover is optional. Many buy only a cheaper outpatient medical subscription (abonament, ~150–250 RON/mo) and use the public system for hospital care. This figure is the with-inpatient comprehensive tier, chosen to be comparable with other countries' comprehensive plans.
Dinero y cripto
01+−Crypto regulationPolandLegal regulatedRomaniaLegal regulated
Qué mide esto
Own classification of the legal status of holding, trading and cashing out cryptocurrency for individuals: legal-friendly (legal with clear, favourable rules or explicit tax exemptions), legal-regulated (legal under standard licensing/AML and taxation), restricted (partial bans: payments or banking access prohibited), banned (holding/trading prohibited). Classified from national regulators' and central banks' official positions.
Poland
Polish tax authority — disposal of virtual currencies (PIT-38, 19%)
Fuente oficial
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 jul 2026
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Notas
- Holding/trading legal for individuals; 19% flat tax on disposal gains (crypto-to-crypto swaps untaxed). EU MiCA applies; Poland's domestic implementing act was vetoed (latest 2026-06-11), so local CASP licensing is stalled — EU-passported providers serve the market.
Romania
Fuente oficial
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 ene 2026
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Notas
- Holding and trading crypto is legal for individuals. Gains taxed at 16% on income realized from 2026 (up from 10%), plus CASS in some cases; small-transaction exemption (<200 RON per transaction, ≤600 RON/year total). MiCA transposed via OUG 10/2025 with ASF as the crypto-asset-service-provider regulator and BNR over e-money tokens; the transitional CASP regime ends 2026-07-01. Standard EU licensing/AML and taxation → legal-regulated.
02+−Financial control levelPolandLowRomaniaLow
Qué mide esto
Own composite of state control over personal money flows: currency/capital controls (IMF AREAER), restrictions on foreign accounts and transfers, mandatory income declaration scope for residents, cash payment limits, banking access for foreigners. Low = free movement of personal funds and easy non-resident banking; very-high = strict capital controls and pervasive reporting. Method field on each value lists the inputs used.
Poland
biznes.gov.pl — cash payment limits (art. 19 Prawo przedsiębiorców)
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 3 may 2026
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- Composite: no currency/capital controls for EU/OECD flows (Prawo dewizowe, Dz.U. 2024 poz. 1131); PLN fully convertible; B2B cash cap 15,000 PLN per transaction, no consumer cash limit; no FBAR-style foreign-account disclosure (NBP statistical reporting only above 7M PLN of foreign assets); standard EU CRS via banks.
Romania
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 4 jul 2026
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- Composite: no currency or capital controls (EU free movement of capital; RON freely convertible, EUR adoption pending); non-residents and foreigners can open bank accounts; no FBAR-style foreign-account reporting for individuals beyond EU CRS via banks; the Declarația Unică covers resident worldwide income. Cash-payment limits exist (business ~5,000–10,000 RON/day tranches under Law 70/2015) but personal money movement is free. Low state control over personal money flows. Cross-checked against PwC Romania summary; primary basis is EU capital-freedom law.
Infraestructura
01+−Domestic delivery qualityPolandExcellentRomaniaExcellent
Qué mide esto
Quality of in-country parcel delivery. excellent = nationwide next-day widely available, dense parcel-locker network, real-time tracking standard; good = 1–3 day delivery, lockers in major cities; basic = reliable but slow (3–7 days), mostly to-door or post-office pickup; poor = unreliable delivery, street addresses often unusable, informal workarounds common. Classified from official service/coverage data of the national postal operator and the two largest private carriers; inputs itemized in each value's method field.
Poland
InPost official news / carrier service pages (composite)
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 dic 2025
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- InPost >28,000 parcel lockers (end-2025) with 98% next-day delivery and 763M parcels/yr; ORLEN Paczka ~14k pickup points; Poczta Polska 7.6k offices + 14.3k parcel points; DPD/DHL/GLS/UPS/FedEx nationwide. Next-day is the domestic norm.
Romania
Carrier official pages (Sameday easybox, FAN Courier FANbox, Poșta Română) — composite
Recopilado por SettleMetric
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 dic 2025
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- Sameday easybox >3,900 lockers with guaranteed nationwide next-day delivery; FAN Courier (national leader) with its own FANbox locker chain; Cargus, DPD, GLS, Poșta Română nationwide; parcel-locker + PUDO delivery is the e-commerce norm (eMAG/Sameday ecosystem). Next-day is standard between and within cities.
- Notas
- Dense locker network and reliable next-day service place Romania at the top domestic tier.
02+−International delivery easePolandMinor frictionRomaniaMinor friction
Qué mide esto
Ease of receiving goods from abroad. seamless = major international carriers deliver door-to-door, meaningful duty-free de-minimis threshold, customs clearance predictable in days; minor-friction = carriers present but low de-minimis, extra paperwork or routine delays; significant-friction = frequent customs holds, high brokerage fees, some marketplaces refuse to ship; unreliable = parcels regularly lost or blocked, informal import channels dominate. De-minimis thresholds and clearance rules from the national customs authority (official source, cite the regulation); carrier presence from carriers' official pages.
Poland
European Commission — removal of the €150 customs duty exemption (Reg. EU 2026/382)
Fuente oficial
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 jul 2026
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Notas
- Intra-EU shipping is frictionless (single market, all major carriers). Non-EU imports: the €150 duty-free threshold was removed on 2026-07-01 — a temporary flat €3/item duty applies to ≤€150 IOSS consignments (until the 2028 Customs Data Hub); VAT collected at checkout via IOSS. Predictable but no longer duty-free.
Romania
European Commission — removal of the €150 customs duty exemption (Reg. EU 2026/382)
Fuente oficial
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 jul 2026
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Notas
- Intra-EU shipping is frictionless (single market; all major carriers; Romania in Schengen since 2025). Non-EU imports: the €150 duty-free threshold was removed EU-wide on 2026-07-01 — a temporary flat duty applies to low-value consignments until the 2028 Customs Data Hub; VAT collected at checkout via IOSS. DHL, UPS, FedEx, GLS all deliver door-to-door. Predictable but no longer duty-free.
03+−Internet speedMbps, median fixed downloadPoland41,7Romaniamejor71,1
Qué mide esto
Median fixed-broadband download speed over the trailing 6 months from M-Lab NDT open data (CC0), aggregated at country or city level. Not comparable with Ookla figures (different test methodology) — do not mix sources within this criterion.
Poland
M-Lab NDT country aggregates for Poland
Datos abiertos
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 dic 2023
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Método
- Median of 343 daily country medians, 563,348 tests (2023 — latest full year in M-Lab's public stats API; 2025/2026 files not yet published).
- Notas
- M-Lab NDT is single-stream and reads well below Ookla-style figures — comparable only within this criterion.
Romania
M-Lab NDT country aggregates for Romania
Datos abiertos
- Datos a fecha de
- 31 dic 2023
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Método
- Median of 343 daily country medians, 112,070 tests (2023 — latest full year in M-Lab's public stats API; the 2024 file covers only 86 days and 2025 is not yet published).
- Notas
- M-Lab NDT is single-stream and reads below Ookla-style figures — comparable only within this criterion. Romania is known for very fast, cheap fibre; the true typical fibre speed is far higher, but only M-Lab is used here for cross-country consistency.
Idioma
01+−English proficiencyPolandVery highRomaniaVery high
Qué mide esto
Own banding of how far English gets a resident in daily life (government offices, healthcare, housing, services). Informed by EF EPI band (research source, cited with attribution, not republished) plus official language status and service-sector realities. Values are our bands, not EF scores.
Poland
EF EPI 2025 (rank 15/123, score 600 — Very High band)
Estudio
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 nov 2025
- Verificado
- 3 jul 2026
- Notas
- Own band informed by EF EPI (attribution: EF Education First); English is broadly workable in cities and the service sector, less so in offices/government.
Romania
EF EPI 2025 (rank 11/123, score 605 — Very High band)
Estudio
- Datos a fecha de
- 1 nov 2025
- Verificado
- 4 jul 2026
- Notas
- Own band informed by EF EPI (attribution: EF Education First). Romania scores 605 (rank 11), in EF's top proficiency band alongside the Nordics. English is broadly workable in cities, the service sector and among younger Romanians; less so in some government offices.
En profundidad: impuestos en Poland ·impuestos en Romania ·calculadora de ingreso neto